Companies producing PEM fuel cells include Ballard Power (NASD:BLDP), Plug Power (NASD:PLUG), and Proton Power Systems (LSE:PPS), and ITM Power (OTC:ITMPF, LSE:ITM). Ballard and Plug Power are commercial stage companies, although neither is expected to achieve profitability soon. Ballard produces PEM fuel cells for a wide variety of markets ranging in size from 1.5kw up to 500 kW. Plug Power has a range of fuel cell modules designed to fit in the battery compartment of existing materials handling equipment.
Proton Power is a demonstration stage company with a focus on hybrid electric-fuel cell drive trains for larger vehicles such as delivery trucks, buses.
Electrolyzers, Fueling, and Storage
Since pure hydrogen does not occur naturally, the hydrogen economy cannot run on fuel cells alone. A number of companies are tackling the creation of hydrogen (usually by electrolysis, or using electricity to split water in to hydrogen and oxygen), as well as fueling and storage.
Hydrogenics (NASD:HYGS) is a commercial stage company that develops and sells electrolyzers for hydrogen generation. This is often integrated with hydrogen storage and PEM fuel cells, as well as hydrogen fueling stations. It sells into both stationary power and vehicular markets. ITM Power sells commercial electrolyzers for hydrogen generation in hydrogen fueling stations, for industrial use, or injection into natural gas pipelines. Quantum Fuel Systems Technologies Worldwide (NASD:QTWW) sells a number of alternative fuel vehicle drive-trains and parts including hydrogen fuel tanks, but most of its current sales come from natural gas vehicles.
One oddball company brought to my attention by a reader is HyperSolar, Inc (OTC:HYSR). Hypersolar is a very early stage developer of a solar powered system to directly use solar power to produce hydrogen from water. While cutting out the extra step of converting sunlight to electricity with photovoltaics before using electrolysis to split hydrogen from water may sound attractive, the company is at an extremely early development stage and does not have sufficient funding to advance its technology. It's also not clear if the technology is more efficient at converting sunlight to hydrogen than the combination of photovoltaics and electrolyzers would be, or what the capital costs are. I can't imagine any scenario where a long term stock market investor could make a profit on HyperSolar.
Fuel Cell Energy (NASD:FCEL), discussed below, is currently developing a fuel cell that can generate hydrogen as well as electricity from various hydrocarbon feedstocks.
Alkaline Fuel Cells
Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) have a solution of potassium hydroxide in water as an electrolyte which allows the precious metal catalyst of PEM fuel cells to be replaced by a variety of non-precious metals. AFCs are one of the most efficient types of fuel cell, and have demonstrated efficiency near 60% in space applications. Unfortunately, AFCs are very sensitive to exposure to carbon dioxide and require both the hydrogen and oxygen used by the cell to be purified beforehand, which is a very costly process.
AFC Energy (LSE:AFC) is a developer of alkaline fuel cells for use converting waste hydrogen from industrial processes into useful electricity. This seems like an interesting niche market and may prove profitable if AFC's fuel cells prove sufficiently durable.
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Molten Carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) use a high temperature salt mixture suspended in an inert ceramic matrix as an electrolyte. The 650°C (roughly 1,200°F) at which they operate allows non-precious metals to be used as catalysts on both the anode and cathode, leading to significant cost reductions.
MCFCs are typically 45% to 50% efficient at converting fuel to electricity, but that efficiency can be increased significantly by capturing the high quality waste heat and using it to drive a turbine or in other combined heat and power (CHP) applications, where they can have efficiency as high as 85%. The greatest advantage of MCFCs is that they do not require an external reformer. They can internally convert a wide range of hydrocarbons including natural gas, biogas, and propane into hydrogen for power generation. Unlike PEMs and AFCs, they are also not vulnerable to "poisoning" by carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide.
The main downside of MCFCs is durability. Their high operating temperatures and corrosive electrolytes can degrade components relatively rapidly.
The main public company commercializing MCFCs is Fuel Cell Energy. It sells its fuel cells mostly into stationary power markets for distributed generation and CHP. The company has sold hundreds of megawatts of its Direct FuelCell® power plants and has a strong financial backer in Korean power producer POSCO Energy.
Ceramic/Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) use a solid ceramic as the electrolyte. They operate at even higher temperatures than MCFCs (approximately 1,000°C or 1,830°F) which, as in MCFCs, allows the use of non-precious metals as catalysts and for internal reforming of fuel into hydrogen, both of which reduce costs. SOFCs are extremely fuel-flexible. Like MCFCs, they are not vulnerable to carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide, but they are also able to tolerate much higher concentrations of sulfur. This flexibility allows SOFCs to use fuels made from coal, as well as cleaner hydrocarbons.
The very high operating temperatures can impair durability, and also require thermal shielding to retain heat and protect workers. Newer, lower temperature variants which operate below 800°C for greater durability have been developed at the cost of lower power output. .
Two public companies commercializing SOFCs are Ceres Power (LSE:CWR and OTC:CPWHF) and Ceramic Fuel Cells (OTCPK:CEFLF, ASX:CFU and LSE:CFU). Ceramic Fuel Cells markets small scale SOFC based combined heat and power units to commercial customers in Europe. Its fuel cells have industry leading electrical efficiency of up to 60%, and the overall efficiency of the CHP units is naturally much higher. Ceres Power has developed a lower temperature SOFC which operates at 500 - 600°C, allowing the use of stainless steel components which increase durability and allow for quicker start times than other SOFCs. Ceres is currently targeting South Korean and Japanese markets where it hopes to sell its CHP units to replace residential boilers to produce both heat and majority of a home's electricity
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